Abstract

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) represent a transformative shift in modern transportation, promising enhanced mobility, safety, and efficiency. However, their widespread implementation faces obstacles related to navigation, safety protocols, and regulatory frameworks. This research examines GPS, LiDAR, and computer vision-based technologies driving AV functionality, addressing challenges such as localization errors and adaptability to dynamic terrains. Additionally, it investigates accident data, cybersecurity concerns, and ethical dilemmas in decision-making algorithms. Regulatory complexities surrounding AV deployment across jurisdictions are explored, offering insights into harmonization efforts and policy advancements necessary for ensuring safe and scalable AV adoption.