Biometric authentication refers to the process of verifying an individual’s identity by analysing distinctive physiological or behavioural attributes. This study explores the concept of biometric-based verification and its growing significance in user identification systems. Unlike conventional security mechanisms, biometric methods rely on inherent human traits such as fingerprint patterns, facial structures, iris configurations, and voice characteristics to provide access to devices and services. The paper highlights how these identifiers offer a higher level of security compared to traditional approaches like passwords, PIN codes, or smart cards, which can be easily forgotten, shared, or compromised. Since biometric features are unique to each individual and difficult to duplicate, they significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized access. Furthermore, this work reviews different categories of biometric systems, including unimodal and multimodal approaches, while evaluating their performance, reliability, and limitations. Each system type presents specific advantages as well as challenges related to accuracy, cost, and user acceptance. In conclusion, the study underscores the growing importance of biometric authentication as a reliable and user-friendly security solution. Its ability to combine convenience with enhanced protection makes it a promising choice for a wide range of modern applications, including banking, healthcare, and digital identity management.

The security of personal or sensitive information has a much earlier history than today, or better we can say in the last two centuries, where often even short but more important information has given another direction to the history of humanity and wars differently. This is also the main reason that today one of the main focuses of technology is that only authorized persons have access to this information and that no one else has the opportunity to provide access in any other way. Therefore, through authentication, we must identify ourselves as the one who has access to that information, as we know that until recently and even now, authentication was initially done with a password, but the password presented a problem to society since people usually create the password they enter something related to them, for example, NameSuraname1980, something that is very predictable from the attackers to find that password, another problem is that often out of fear of forgetting the password they also write it on a piece of paper, thus exposing the password to a second person. Although passwords have recently started to become more complex and also two-factor authentication, reducing the possibility of attacks by hackers, for example, a typical password today contains at least 8 characters, one uppercase letter, one lowercase letter, a number, and at least one symbol. To avoid passwords and any type of password attacks or even the monotony of writing them, we have reached biometrics as a much safer form of authentication, where every day we are avoiding passwords or PINs by replacing them with one of the biometrics that is being offered to us. Well, is this also 100% safe, of course not! Immediately with the introduction of biometrics in the industry, hackers also began to find new ways of attacking and breaking them, where in fact sometimes it seems very simple to break them. Biometrics were also categorized into two categories, such as physical biometrics and non-physical (behavioral) biometrics, as one of the safe and unique physical biometrics that provides authentication only for an individual was fingerprinted, but even this began to be forged by stealing from us the knees simply from a glass of water we drank. Then also comes into play the scanning of the retina, the face, then from the non-physical biometrics, walking, the way of speaking, behavior, etc. But with biometrics, a new problem arose, since people often hate being tracked in any way, so why give their fingerprints, face, or any physical characteristic of their body or behavior? But on the other hand, of course, these features are more secure than passwords. In this paper, we have tried to explain what biometrics are, tell about their types, which are more suitable for use, which require fewer resources, how safe they are, how they can be stolen or forged, and how they can fail. their functionality, their application, and the future of this type of authentication. From the knowledge and study we have developed, we think that no matter how secure biometrics are, they also have their weaknesses and sometimes their non-functionality, where attackers will always use them, but of course, our duty is to let’s make this process as difficult as possible, therefore for the most secure authentication and the security of the private data of an individual, business, or institution, of course, we must have authentication with two factors or multi- factor where these factors can there are combinations of passwords and biometrics or combinations of different biometrics. In this way, it will be a much more secure authentication in the future.

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