Autonomous Human Body Control, Part XIV: Serum Potassium Concentration Control during Hemodialysis using I- first Order and P-D Compensators Compared with a PID Controller – Volume 11 Issue 5

This paper investigates the tuning of I-first order and P-D compensators from the second generation of control compensators and a PID controller from the first generation of PID controllers to control the serum potassium concentration of the human body during hemodialysis. The proposed compensators are tuned using a hybrid approach based on zero/pole cancellation and the satisfaction of specific time-based characteristics of the closed-loop control system incorporating the compensator and process. The serum potassium concentration is modeled using pre-published hemodialysis profile-data and the tuning results of the proposed compensators/controller are presented and applied to generate the step time response for reference input tracking of a specific level within the normal limits of the serum potassium concentration. The characteristics of the step time responses are compared with those of the conventional PID controller. The best compensator/controller for the control of the human serum potassium concentration during hemodialysis is assigned. Clearance rate of serum potassium.

-The research work presented in this research paper handled the tuning of two compensators from the second generation of control compensators proposed to control the serum potassium concentration of a human being during dialysis compared with a PID controller from the first generation of PID controllers. The controlled serum potassium concentration as a process was identified as a first-order one. Its parameters were identified using kinetic profile data from a previous research work. The proposed compensators were tuned using hybrid approach based on applying the zero/pole cancellation and specific step time response characteristics (critical damping, settling time and steady-state error). The PID controller was tuned using an ITAE performance index and MATLAB optimization toolbox. The proposed compensators/controller succeeded to eliminate completely the steady-state error of the control system. The proposed compensators/controller succeeded to eliminate completely the maximum percentage overshoot of the control system. The proposed compensators succeeded to reduce the settling time of the control system (with respect to the 2 % tolerance) to values in the range: 0.489 ≤ Ts2% ≤ 0.50 h compared with 2.3737 h for the PID controller. The proposed compensators succeeded to reduce the settling time of the control system with respect to normal potassium concentration limits to 0.1063 ≤ TsLimits ≤ 0.1667 h compared with 0.7419 h for the PID controller. The proposed compensators succeeded to reduce the delay time to 0.0867 ≤ Td ≤ 0.1438 h compared with 0.6080 h for the PID controller. The proposed compensators succeeded to reduce the rise time to 0.2746 ≤ Tr ≤ 0.2877 h compared with 1.5190 h for the PID controller. The best compensator is the P-D compensator based on the characteristics in Table 1. The effect of control system settling time to 2% tolerance (Ts2%) on the step response of the control system when the P-D compensator is proposed to control the serum potassium concentration was investigate for Ts2% in the range: 2 ≤ Ts2% ≤ 8 h. The effect of control system settling time to 2% tolerance (Ts2%) on the rate of potassium clearance during hemodialysis when the P-D compensator is proposed to control the serum potassium concentration was investigate for Ts2% in the range: 2 ≤ Ts2% ≤ 8 h. The maximum clearance rate was in the beginning of the step input activation depending on the settling time of the control system step time response. Future work is required to set limits for the clearance rate of serum potassium concentration to avoid cardiac effects and possibility of patient death during hemodialysis.

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