The high power electronic systems development has seen a rapid change in which generation of heat has raised and is thus an urgent requirement to find a way of managing the heat efficiently through efficient thermal management techniques. Two-Phase Closed Thermosiphon (TPCT) or passive cooling tools also, have received a significant interest since they are highly capable of heat transfer, reliable, and they are simple to build. Their performance is however constrained by the thermophysical properties of conventional working fluids. This paper examines the improvement of the TPCT performance with the help of Graphene Oxide (GO) nanofluids with the help of the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. The nanofluid concentration (0.01% and 0.02% and 60 and 40% filling ratio) are investigated. Conclusions have shown that the thermal resistance of the GO nanofluids is greatly lowered and the heat transfer performance of deionized water is enhanced. The best situation is achieved at 0.02% concentration and 60% loading volume. The results can give information on the development of sophisticated passive cooling systems.

This research paper is confirming that the Graphene Oxide nanofluids are pivotal in enhancing thermal performance of Two-Phase Closed Thermosiphon (TPCT) system. Addition of GO nanoparticles contributes to the effective thermal conductivity of the working fluid and facilitates an increased rate of heat transfer by the augmented phase change processes. The most desirable system is chosen out of the studied conditions to be at a nanofluid concentration of 0.02% alongside a filling ratio of 60, in which the system is observed to have the least thermal resistance and most stable operation. The above improvement can be mainly credited to the presence of better boiling heat transfer features such as the higher concentration of nucleation sites as well as better uniformity and concentration of bubbles at the evaporator surface. Also, nanoparticles may occur, and they lead to the effects of surface modification, thus facilitating the effective heat transfer through the change in wettability and the evaporation of thin layers. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of GO nanofluids is also enhanced, which allows faster energy transfer of the fluid, decreases the temperature differences between the evaporator and condenser part. The optimum filling ratio guarantees that the liquid phase exists with a perfect coexistence of the vapor phase without getting too dry and at the same time leaving the vapor space ample with great ease of transportation. This balance is important in reducing hydrodynamic instabilities like flooding and entrainment which are major drawbacks in TPCT systems. All in all, incorporation of Graphene Oxide nanofluids has a great potential in enhancing passive thermal management systems, especially when high-heat flux is required as in the case of electronic cooling systems, renewable energy systems, and small-scale heat exchangers. The conclusions of this research are not only justified effectiveness of the nanofluid-based enhancement, but also are the basis of the further optimization of this work with the help of the advanced numerical and experimental studies. Future directions can be identified as the analysis of long-term stability, effects of dispersion of nanoparticles, and scaled to application to the industry in order to achieve the full benefits of the practical application of the GO-based thermosiphon systems.

1.Grover, G. M., Cotter, T. P., & Erickson, G. F. (1964). Structures of very high thermal conductance. Journal of Applied Physics, 35(6), 1990–1991. 2.Wallis, G. B. (1969). One-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow. McGraw-Hill, New York. 3.Sarafraz, M. M., Hormozi, F., & Peyghambarzadeh, S. M. (2018). Thermal performance of thermosyphon heat pipes using nanofluids: A review. Energy Conversion and Management, 172, 108–127. 4.Huminic, G., & Huminic, A. (2015). Application of nanofluids in heat exchangers: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 131–143. 5.Do, K. H., Jang, S. P., & Kim, S. J. (2010). Effect of nanofluids on thermal performance of heat pipes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53(25–26), 5883–5891. 6.Alammar, A. A., et al. (2017). Experimental investigation of thermosyphon performance. Applied Thermal Engineering, 120, 438–449. 7.Eastman, J. A., Choi, S. U. S., Li, S., Yu, W., & Thompson, L. J. (2001). Anomalously increased thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Applied Physics Letters, 78(6), 718–720. 8.Choi, S. U. S. (1995). Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles. ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress, 66, 99–105. 9.Das, S. K., Choi, S. U. S., & Patel, H. E. (2006). Heat transfer in nanofluids. Annual Review of Heat Transfer, 14, 1–45. 10.Yu, W., & Xie, H. (2008). A review on nanofluids: Preparation and applications. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2008, 435873. 11.Wang, X., & Mujumdar, A. S. (1999). Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 46(1), 1–19. 12.Keblinski, P., Eastman, J. A., & Cahill, D. G. (2005). Nanofluids for thermal transport. Materials Today, 8(6), 36–44. 13.Li, Q., Xuan, Y., & Wang, J. (2013). Investigation on graphene nanofluids. Carbon, 65, 104–112. 14.Baby, T. T., & Ramaprabhu, S. (2011). Experimental investigation of graphene nanofluids. Journal of Applied Physics, 110(6), 064308. 15.Kim, S. J., & Bang, I. C. (2007). Effects of nanoparticle concentration on thermal conductivity. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 32(1), 114–120. 16.Kole, M., & Dey, T. K. (2012). Thermal conductivity of graphene oxide nanofluids. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 40, 54–61. 17.Kakac, S., & Yener, Y. (1991). Boiling Heat Transfer. CRC Press. 18.Incropera, F. P., DeWitt, D. P. (2007). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. Wiley. 19.Bergman, T. L., Lavine, A. S. (2011). Introduction to Heat Transfer. Wiley. 20.Bejan, A. (2003). Heat Transfer Handbook. Wiley.

© 2025 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques (IJET).

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

IJET assigns a unique DOI to every accepted article via Zenodo for persistent linking and citation. Your article’s DOI: https://doi.org/{{doi}}

Open DOI About Zenodo DOI

Close