Biodiesel fuel is one of the alternative energy sources that can be renewable and environmentally friendly. Processing biodiesel from crude palm oil can be carried out through esterification and transesterification. The performance and exhaust gas emission testing was performed on a Daihatsu Taft 2.5 L diesel engine without any modifications. The fuel blend ratios between diesel and biodiesel were varied to include 90 %, 75 %, 50 % and 25 % biodiesel. The engine speeds examined were 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200 and 2400 rpm. The test results showed that brake specific fuel consumption with biodiesel was higher than with regular diesel, ranging roughly from 2.37 % to 8.43 %. Increasing the biodiesel proportion in the mixture tended to lower exhaust emissions such as HC, CO, and CO₂. The exhaust gases produced by biodiesel were generally lower than those from diesel fuel.

Based on the analysis of the test data for diesel and biodiesel‑CPO as alternative fuels in a diesel engine, the ensuing conclusions are: 1.Biodiesel‑CPO offers superior characteristics compared to conventional diesel when used as an alternative fuel, featuring a higher heating value and cetane number, along with relatively low emissions of HC, CO, CO₂, and black smoke. 2.Increasing the proportion of biodiesel in a diesel‑biodiesel blend generally raises specific fuel consumption (SFC) and residual O₂ in the exhaust, while lowering thermal efficiency and emissions of HC, CO, CO₂ and black smoke, with volumetric efficiency staying roughly unchanged. 3.Utilizing biodiesel‑CPO modestly raises fuel‑energy consumption in relation to diesel fuel, and does so without needing any modifications to the diesel engine. Based on this investigation of palm oil biodiesel mixtures regarding performance and emissions in diesel engines, we find that these blends exhibit greater brake specific fuel consumption and higher brake thermal efficiency relative to diesel. The brake torque generated by the palm oil biodiesel mixtures is lower than that obtained with diesel fuel. Moreover, CO, UHC, and NOx emissions from the palm oil biodiesel blends show a declining pattern versus diesel. Thus, the research indicates that palm oil biodiesel constitutes a feasible and sustainable substitute for diesel, markedly cutting emissions without any.

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