Heat exchangers play a very crucial role in thermal system, and they are common in industrial, power generation, and HVAC operations. Nevertheless, the thermal efficiency of traditional double pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) tends to be impaired by low thermal conductivity of low thermal conductivity of base fluids like water. This paper elaborates a numerical research on the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of a counter-flow DPHE with the help of mono and hybrid nanofluids. The MXene, CuO, and hybrid CuO-SiO 2 nanofluids are subjected to simulations on their heat transfer at low volume concentrations of 0.02 per cent and 0.04 per cent in computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The findings prove that nanofluids have great heat transfer capabilities when compared with pure water. Out of all the cases the maximum overall heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate are at 0.04% of CuO -SiO2 hybrid nanofluid. As small a pressure drop increase is noted, however the gain in thermal performance overrides the hydraulic penalty. The results lead to the evidence of the promising character of progressed nanofluids in enhancing energy efficiency in heat exchanger systems.

This paper has shown that mono and hybrid nanofluid integrations are a major advancement to thermal efficiency of the double pipe heat exchanger over the traditional base fluids. Nanoparticles enhance thermophysical characteristics, which leads to increasing the rates of heat transfer and efficient performance. The CuO-SiO2 hybrid nanofluid concentration of 0.04% gives the best performance in the test among the tested fluids since the nanoparticles will have synergistic effects. Even though the pressure drop increase is minimal, the thermal gain is greater than the hydraulic penalty. The results validate the assumption that nanofluids present an appropriate solution when it comes to enhancing the efficiency and energy performance of heat exchangers in industries.

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