Artificial intelligence has evolved from passive computational systems into autonomous entities capable of reasoning and decision-making. AI Agents integrate large language models with memory and external tools to perform tasks independently. Agentic AI extends this paradigm through multi-agent collaboration, enabling autonomous systems to coordinate and solve complex problems. This paper presents a comparative study of AI Agents and Agentic AI, focusing on architecture, workflow, interoperability protocols, applications, and challenges. Protocols such as Agent2Agent and Model Context Protocol enable scalable communication and tool integration. The findings demonstrate that Agentic AI provides improved scalability and autonomy but introduces coordination and security challenges.

AI Agents represent a major advancement in artificial in-telligence by enabling autonomous task execution using reasoning, memory, and tool integration. These agents improve efficiency and enable intelligent automation across multiple domains. However, single-agent systems face lim-itations when handling complex and large-scale tasks. Agentic AI addresses these limitations by introduc-ing multi-agent collaboration, distributed intelligence, and scalable architecture. Through collaborative workflows, specialized agents can work together to solve complex problems more efficiently than individual agents. In-teroperability protocols such as Agent2Agent and Model Context Protocol enable communication and integration, forming the foundation of agentic ecosystems. Future developments in agentic AI are expected to fo-cus on improving reasoning accuracy, enhancing security, and optimizing multi-agent coordination. As these tech-nologies continue to evolve, agentic AI has the potential to transform industries and play a critical role in the de-velopment of autonomous intelligent systems.

[1]Russell and Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 2021. [2]Yao et al., ReAct Framework, 2023. [3]Park et al., Generative Agents, 2023. [4]Anthropic, Model Context Protocol, 2024. [5]Google Cloud, Agent2Agent Protocol, 2025. Sapkota, AI Agents vs Agentic AI, 2026.

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