Management thought has evolved continuously in response to changes in industrial systems, technology, workforce behavior, and global competition. From early efficiency-driven approaches to modern human-centered and systems-based perspectives, management theories have attempted to address organizational challenges in different historical contexts. This comprehensive review critically examines the evolution of management thought from classical theories to contemporary approaches. The paper synthesizes key concepts, contributions, strengths, and limitations of major schools of management. A structured framework supported by tables, conceptual figures, and flowcharts is proposed to enhance clarity and understanding. The review provides valuable insights for researchers, educators, and practitioners seeking to understand the foundations and future direction of management theory.

The evolution of management thought represents a gradual and continuous refinement of ideas aimed at improving organizational effectiveness. From early efficiency-driven models to contemporary adaptive and integrative approaches, management theories have evolved in response to real-world organizational challenges. Each school of thought has contributed valuable concepts, tools, and perspectives. While no single theory provides a complete solution to all management problems, together they form a comprehensive knowledge base that guides modern managerial practice. Contemporary managers benefit most by adopting a flexible and situational approach, drawing selectively from different theories based on organizational context and objectives. In conclusion, understanding the evolution of management thought is not merely of historical interest; it is essential for informed decision-making, effective leadership, and sustainable organizational development. This comprehensive understanding equips managers, educators, and researchers to address present challenges while preparing for future transformations in the field of management.

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